Confabulation is a memory disturbance, defined as the production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive. Individuals who confabulate present incorrect memories ranging from "subtle alterations to bizarre fabrications", and are generally very confident about their recollections, despite contradictory evidence.
Delusion is a belief held with strong conviction despite superior evidence to the contrary. People with delusions will persist in their beliefs or actions no matter how detrimental they are to themselves or others. No matter how much logic or evidence is presented to a delusional person they will refuse to change their mind or ways. Anything that a person persist in doing (and the person thinks what they are doing is right) but which is physically, mentally, emotionally, or financially harmful to themselves is a delusion.
Dementia is a chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by
brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality
changes, and impaired reasoning.
Insanity is the state of being seriously mentally ill; madness. A more colloquial definition would be to do the same thing over and over but each time expecting the outcome to be different.
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